African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large, structurally complex double-stranded DNA virus with a 180–190 kbp genome encoding over 150 genes. It causes African swine fever (ASF) with mortality rates reaching 90–100% and has become a major threat to global pig production. The virus spread from sub-Saharan Africa to Eurasia after 2007 and was detected in the Dominican Republic and Haiti in 2021, marking the emergence of the Eurasian pandemic genotype in the Western Hemisphere.